Kurs om
C++ för minnes-begränsade system

Brief about Modern C++

Just a quick recap of some topics from newer C++ which are essential for this course.

• The new initialization syntax
• Default initialization
• Initialization trivial/primitive types
• Initialization of STL containers
• Type safety
• Automatic type inference, usage of auto
• For-each loops
• Functions with auto return type
• Multi-assignment, aka structured bindings
• Lambda expressions
• Captures by value and by reference
• Modern type aliases

Understanding RAII

Discussion of the idiom Resource Acquisition Is Initialization and how important it is for memory management.

• Principles of the idiom
• Implementation of a trace class
• Other examples of RAII

Usage of new & delete

Discussion of usage of new & delete, to lay the groundwork for the rest of the course.

• Allocation of a single object
• Disposing a single object
• When the heap become full, how to detect it
• Registering a heap-full hook
• Allocation of an object array
• Disposing an object array
• The hidden secret of an object array, or how can delete [] ptr invoke the destructor of all objects
• Placement new operator, the third form of new
• Usage of the placement new operator
• Overloading the new & delete operators
• Non-throwing version of the new operator

Smart Pointers

Understand how to implement smart pointers and what is supported in Modern C++.

• What is a smart pointer, anyway
• A simple (incomplete) implementation
• To delete or not to delete; that’s the question
• Different pointer semantics
• Single reference semantics using MonoPtr
• Copy semantics using ClonePtr
• Reference count semantics using MultiPtr
• Complete implementation of MonoPtr
• Implementation of a factory function for MonoPtr
• Smart pointer support in C++11
• Using std::unique_ptr
• Using std::shared_ptr
• Using a custom deleter
• Using a free deleter for malloc allocated memory blocks
• Understanding usage of std::weak_ptr

Address Space Organization

Understand where various data blocks get allocated in *NIX like systems.

• Virtual memory pages
• Page table
• Address translation
• Page fault
• Compiled program code: the text area
• Global static data: the data and bss areas
• Dynamic data: the system heap
• Local data: the call-stack
• Organization of a single stack-frame
• How a function call is performed on assembly level
• Memory mapped data segments
• C++ name mangling
• Demangling linker names
• Useful system commands such as size, nm, objdump, ldd, lsof
• Useful online resources, such as cppinsights.io and compiler explorer
• Classification of embedded systems

Understanding Alignment

Brief discussion of byte alignment and its support in C++.

• What is alignment
• The problem with unaligned memory access
• What is a cache line and how that is related to alignment
• Cache levels: L1, L2 and L3
• Understanding array allocation and alignment
• How the order of members within a struct (or class) affects padding and hence the struct size
• Explicit alignment
• Alignment of heap allocated objects

Understanding the System Heap

Discussion of the system heap.

• Allocation functions in std libc
• Allocation functions in *NIX OS, usage of brk() and sbrk()
• How the malloc and free usually are implemented
• Dealing with heap overflow
• Allocation of very large memory blocks
• Understanding usage of MMAP_THRESHOLD and how to configure using mallopt
• What is a memory leak
• Working with valgrind on the command-line and within JetBrains CLion

Usage of Exceptions

Deep-dive discussion of exceptions in C++.

• Simple usage of exceptions
• Catching different types
• Marking a function as not throwing
• Automatic destruction of local objects
• Tracing exception throw
• Usage of std exceptions, why you should always do that
• How to reveal the type of unknown exception
• Exceptions in terms of setjmp() and longjmp()
• Throwing an exception from a signal handler
• How to recover from a null pointer crash (SIGSEGV) and carry on executing
• Usage of an alternate signal stack
• Dealing with system errors in *NIX OS
• Brief discussion of how exceptions really is implemented in modern systems
• How to disable exception is you must to

Understanding RTTI

Deep-dive into RTTI, demangling and how to generate stack-traces in C++.

• RTTI - Run-Time Type Identification
• Usage of the typeid operator
• How to disable RTTI, if you need to
• Understanding C++ (link) name mangling
• How to suppress name mangling
• Programmatic de-mangling, for the Itanium ABI
• Implementation of C++ demangle function
• Principles of generating a stack-trace in C/C++ program
• Complete implementation of stack-traces in C++ with unit tests in Catch2
• Dealing with application exceptions
• Dealing with system error exceptions
• Dealing with crash exceptions and generate a stack-trace for a null pointer bug

Dealing with Text Strings

Short recap of the string support in Modern C++.

• Understanding std::basic_string
• String literals
• Raw strings
• What is SSO (Short String Optimization)
• Usage of string_view and why it’s a really nice addition to the library

Memory Behaviour of STL Containers

Understanding of happens behind the curtains of STL containers.

• The STL architecture
• Overview of algorithms
• What is a STL interval
• Sequence containers
• Associative containers
• Binary tree vs. hash table implementations
• Tracing new & delete usage
• Understanding the allocation behaviour of std::vector
• Why invoking reserve() is an excellent idea
• Understanding the key difference between copy insertion and in-place insertions
• Investigating the memory usage of emplace_back()

Stack Allocated Memory

The heap is not the only place to allocate data, here we discuss how to use the stack dynamic memory allocation.

• Memory allocation outside the system heap
• Using a stack-allocated buffer
• Understanding RVO (Return Value Optimization)
• Understanding move semantics
• Allocation of memory blocks on top of the call-stack using alloca()

User-Defined Memory Allocation

The moment you start to use areas outside the system heap, you need to implement your allocation and de-allocation library, in this chapter we show you how.

• Primary allocation strategies
• Monotonic allocation
• Circular allocation
• Block-pool storage
• Implementation of a static block pool
• Limitations of the template system and how that might affect the usage of static pools
• Implementation of a dynamic block pool
• Using smart pointers with a block pool
• Implementation of a custom deleter for a block pool
• Implementation of factory function for a block pool with a deleter

Polymorphic Memory Resources

In this chapter we discuss the allocation support added in C++17 and available since GCC version 9.

• What is PMR (Polymorphic Memory Resources)
• Class & function overview
• Provided memory resource types and allocators
• Typical usage of a std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource with an upstream resource
• STL container support for PMR
• Usage of a std::vector using a std::pmr::monotonic_buffer_resource
• Understanding SSO with PMR
• How to implement your own memory resource
• Implementation of a cyclic_buffer_resource
• Understanding how to use std::pmr::unsynchronized_pool_resource
• Implementation of spy tracing PMR classes
• Using PMR in you own user-defined types

Multi-Threaded Applications

Brief discussion of the threading support in Modern C++, to serve as the basis for next chapter.

• Threading API in C++11
• Life-cycle methods
• Several ways of defining the body of a thread
• Mutex locks
• Lock guards
• Deadlock avoiding multi-locks
• Read-write locks
• Condition variables
• Promise and future

Memory Allocation in Multi-Threaded Systems

Discussion of how to in practice implement thread private heaps using PMR.

• Heap implementation in glibc
• How to support private heaps
• The minimum amount of code to send some data from one thread to another thread
• Heap storage for messages
• Implementation of a (blocking) message queue
• A simple generic message type
• Implementation a producer-consumer threaded system, using a private PMR based heap for incoming messages
• Implementation of a more complex message sending pipeline of threads, all using PMR based private heaps
• How to configure the stack-size in POSIX Threads

Shared Memory

Discussion of memory-mapped file and how to create a shared memory segment.

• How is memory-mapped I/O working
• Understanding mmap(), munmap() and msync()
• Implementation of class MemoryMappedFile
• What is shared memory and how is it working
• How to create a SHM file and map it into the virtual address space
• Usage of shm_open() and shm_unlink()
• Understanding fork() and wait()
• Implementation of class SharedMemory

Memory Allocation in Multi-Process Systems

Discussion of memory allocation and synchronization in shared memory between two processes.

• Why C++11 threading types cannot be used in shared memory
• Implementation of simple C++ wrappers around the POSIX Thread C API
• Configuration of mutex and condition variables for usage in shared memory
• A simple demo of a producer-consumer via shared memory using a static message queue
• Demo of a client server system using dynamic memory allocation of messages in shared memory

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