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Modern C++

Evolution of C++

• From cfront, Classic C++ and into Modern C++
• Design objectives
• Some myths and facts of C++

Syntactic improvements of the language

• For-each loops
• Uniform initializer
• Static initializer lists and collections
• Member variable initialization
• Usage of nullptr
• Variable initialization in if and switch statements
• Enforcing compiler generated members
• Deleting compiler generated members
• Grouping in integral literals
• Binary literals
• Nested namespaces

Automatic Type Inference (auto)

• Usage of auto
• Flexible variable declarations with auto
• Functions returning auto
• Pinpointing the return type of auto-return function

Handy Helper Types

• Usage of std::pair
• Usage of std::tuple
• Structured binding, a.k.a. multi-assignment
• Initializing more than a single variable of different types, in a for-loop
• Dealing with absence of data using std::optional
• Dynamically typed variable using std::any
• Type-safe unions with std::variant
• Using std::bitset
• Writing and reading bitset objects
• Working with compile-time rational numbers std::ratio
• Arithmetic and relational operations on ratio objects

Lambda Expressions

• What is a lambda expression?
• Lambda declaration syntax
• Invoking lambda expressions
• Understanding capturing to access variables in the surrounding lexical scope
• Writing functions that take lambdas as a parameter
• Returning lambdas from functions

Move Semantics

• Understanding references
• The key difference between rvalue and lvalue references
• What is move semantics?
• Implementing move constructors and assignment operators
• How is move semantics utilized in the standard library

Enhanced Templates

• Type traits
• Type operators
• Understanding constexpr functions
• Using static_assert
• Using constexpr if statements to guide the compiler
• Inline variables
• Using auto for non-type template parameters
• Variadic templates
• Fold expressions

User-Defined Suffix Literal Operators

• What is a suffix operator?
• Operator definition syntax
• Type restrictions
• Example, implementing suffix operators and operations for the length units kilometre and English mile

Improved String Handling

• SSO – Short string optimization
• The string suffix operator
• Numeric conversion functions
• Using to/from_chars
• Raw strings
• Unicode support
• Added functions
• Fast phrase searching using Boyer-Moore and similar algorithm implementations
• Using string_view projections
• What is string_view?
• Working with std::string_view objects
• The string_view suffix operator
• Converting to std::string objects
• Example, parsing a HTTP request string

Regex support

• What is a regex
• Creating std::regex objects
• Matching strings with patterns
• Searching with patterns
• Replacing string fragments based on patterns
• Iterating over a string, based on patterns
• Splitting and joining strings

Date/Time/Clock handling

• Working with clocks
• Understanding the difference between high_resolution/system/steady _clock
• Implementing a versatile function that computes the elapsed time
• Working with std::chrono::duration objects
• Duration literals and suffix operators
• Using std::chrono::duration_cast
• Working with std::chrono::time_point objects
• Time conversion functions
• Printing formatted date-time values
• Parsing formatted date-time values
• Setting the iostream locale

Smart pointers

• What is a smart pointer, and why should I bother
• Using std::unique_ptr objects to manage heap allocated blocks
• The convenience of using factory functions
• Adding a custom deleter to a smart pointer
• Working with legacy memory allocations and smart pointers
• Using std::shared_ptr objects to keep track of heap allocated objects using reference counting

Random Number Generation

• Random generation engines
• Stochastic distributions in the library
• Generating random numbers
• STL functions that uses random generator engines

Additional STL Container Types

• Compile-time sized container using std::array
• Hash-set based containers, std::unordered_set/map
• Understand the std::hash function
• User-defined hash function
• Single-linked list std::forward_list
• STL adapter iterator factory functions

Files and File Systems

• Working with fs::path objects
• Manipulating path objects
• Extracting path components
• Using path predicates
• Iterating over directory entries
• Using fs::directory_entry objects
• Recursively iterating over directory entries
• Working with POSIX permissions
• File manipulation operations
• Reading the content of a text file into a std::string object in one single step
• Typical file usage idioms

Threading Support

• What is a thread?
• What is the POSIX Threads API?
• Creating std::thread objects
• Waiting for thread termination
• Sleeping and yielding
• Obtain the number of processing units (aka CPU)
• Using std::mutex objects and locking
• Implementing an ostream synchronized output adapter
• Recursive and timed locks
• Lock adapters
• Read/Write locks
• Using std::condition_variable objects for inter-thread communication
• Deadlock avoiding multi-locking
• Atomic operations types

Asynchronous Tasks

• What are promises and futures?
• Sending data via a std::promise
• Receiving data via a std::future
• Launching std::async tasks
• Launch policies
• Broadcasting results using std::shared_future

Upcoming/Planned Features in the Standard

• Good support for user-defined memory management (std::pmr)
• Parallel versions of STL algorithms
• Pipeline data streams using STL ranges
• Compile-time validation of template arguments using concepts
• Synchronized output stream wrapper
• Calendar operations
• Time-zone operations

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